Researchers found a Neanderthal child with Down syndrome at Spain’s Cova Negra site near Xàtiva. This is the earliest known case of Down syndrome among Neanderthals and provides new insights into their social behaviors. The fossil, part of a skull bone discovered in 1989, was recently recognized as important. It shows inner ear abnormalities consistent with Down syndrome, such as deafness and balance issues. The study, led by Mercedes Conde-Valverde from the University of Alcalá and published in Science Advances, suggests the child required continuous care, revealing a caring aspect of Neanderthal life. Further examination confirmed the diagnosis by revealing additional ear structure issues. Although the fossil’s exact age is unknown, it dates back between 273,000 to 146,000 years ago. Neanderthals were known for their strength, intelligence, art-making abilities, complex hunting methods, and possibly a form of language. This discovery shows their capacity for selflessness, as the child received care from birth despite being unable to help others in return. Co-author Valentín Villaverde emphasized the child’s survival as proof of widespread group care. This finding broadens the understanding of human evolution and challenges old ideas about Neanderthal social behaviors.