The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, became one of the biggest global health challenges in recent history. The virus, known as SARS-CoV-2, was first linked to a seafood market, but its exact origins are still debated. It spread quickly across countries, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic in March 2020. More than 7 million deaths have been officially reported, though experts believe the real number is much higher, possibly over 20 million. Older adults and those with underlying health conditions are especially at risk. Vaccines were developed and distributed within a year, significantly reducing severe illness. However, unequal vaccine access between rich and poor countries exposed global health inequalities, raising concerns about preparedness for future pandemics.

The virus’s ability to change and form new variants, like Delta and Omicron, has kept scientists on alert. Omicron, discovered in November 2021, spread quickly but caused less severe illness than Delta, likely due to increased immunity from vaccines and previous infections. Despite progress, long COVID—ongoing symptoms like fatigue and memory problems—remains a major issue for millions worldwide. Research on new treatments and vaccines, including nasal versions, is still ongoing. Experts stress the need for better healthcare systems and monitoring of new variants to prepare for future health crises.