Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an emerging technology implemented by industrial facilities and power plants to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, which are a principal contributor to global warming. The process involves separating CO₂ from other gases, compressing it, and storing it deep underground in geological formations, including saline aquifers and unmineable coal seams. A facility in Texas operated by BKV Corporation injects carbon dioxide at high pressure into underground formations located nearly two miles below the surface to support long-term storage, based on corporate disclosures. In 2023, approximately 45 commercial-scale carbon capture facilities operated globally, collectively removing 50 million metric tons of CO₂—a minimal share of the 37.8 gigatonnes of CO₂ emissions from the energy sector, according to the International Energy Agency.

Although CCS is viewed as a possible solution for reducing emissions in difficult-to-decarbonize sectors, including cement and steel, experts have raised concerns about its cost, effectiveness, and environmental implications. The Environmental Integrity Project reported that while some projects forecast capture rates of 90 percent, most achieve only around 60 percent. Furthermore, nearly 75 percent of captured carbon is utilized to increase oil extraction rather than stored permanently. A 2021 study found that the process can also release methane, a highly potent greenhouse gas. A carbon dioxide leak discovered in Illinois near the Mahomet Aquifer prompted state lawmakers to implement restrictions on underground carbon storage in areas close to vital water supplies. Supporters of the technology emphasize the importance of tax incentives to attract investment, but environmental groups argue that reliance on CCS may delay the transition to renewable energy.