Vocabulary:
I will read the words, meanings, and sample sentences. Then, repeat after me.
- tendency /TEN-duhn-see/
[noun] – a natural way of behaving or acting in a certain direction
Reports showed a tendency for people to shop online more often during holidays. - inclination /in-kluh-NEY-shuhn/
[noun] – a feeling or preference that makes someone want to do something
The research showed an inclination of students to use digital textbooks instead of printed ones. - methodology /meth-uh-DOL-uh-jee/
[noun] – a system or method used to study or do research
The project used a new methodology to test the safety of electric cars. - redundancy /ri-DUHN-duhn-see/
[noun] – the state of having extra parts or functions that can replace others if needed
Engineers designed the airplane with system redundancy to ensure safety during flights. - intricacy /IN-tri-kuh-see/
[noun] – the quality of being detailed, complex, or difficult
Scientists admired the intricacy of the human brain’s structure during the study.
Article Reading:
Please read the whole article. Then, I will check your pronunciation and intonation.
Octopus limb behavior has been clarified in a recent scientific investigation. The research, conducted between 2007 and 2015 in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea, involved the analysis of video footage showing octopuses crawling, swimming, and performing daily movements. Findings indicated that octopuses did not favor a left or right side, unlike the human tendency toward right- or left-handedness. Instead, three studied species exhibited a marked inclination to employ their four forward limbs in approximately 60 percent of recorded actions. Experts from the Marine Biological Laboratory and the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History emphasized that all arms were capable of complex activities, although the rear limbs were more often utilized for walking and rolling. The results, published in Scientific Reports this week, represent the first large-scale field study of octopus limb function and mark a significant advancement in the understanding of animal motor patterns.
The methodology involved meticulous review of thousands of short clips, an endeavor requiring patience due to the elusive nature of octopuses, which often remain hidden in ocean dens. Marine biologists stressed that each arm contained between 100 and 200 suckers functioning as sensory organs equivalent to human noses, lips, and tongues. This discovery suggested an extraordinary redundancy in limb capability, allowing survival even after predation incidents that result in the loss of an arm. Specialists described the research as a groundbreaking contribution to marine science, noting its potential to influence future studies on biomechanics and adaptive evolution. The study not only underscored the versatility of octopus limbs but also revealed the profound intricacy, resilience, and adaptability of these cephalopods, providing indispensable insights for marine biology and robotics.
The methodology involved meticulous review of thousands of short clips, an endeavor requiring patience due to the elusive nature of octopuses, which often remain hidden in ocean dens. Marine biologists stressed that each arm contained between 100 and 200 suckers functioning as sensory organs equivalent to human noses, lips, and tongues. This discovery suggested an extraordinary redundancy in limb capability, allowing survival even after predation incidents that result in the loss of an arm. Specialists described the research as a groundbreaking contribution to marine science, noting its potential to influence future studies on biomechanics and adaptive evolution. The study not only underscored the versatility of octopus limbs but also revealed the profound intricacy, resilience, and adaptability of these cephalopods, providing indispensable insights for marine biology and robotics.
Discussion Questions:
I will read each question. Then, please answer them.
- Have you ever seen an octopus in an aquarium or in the sea? If so, what did it look like and how did it move? If not, what sea animal have you seen, and how did it move?
- Have you ever watched a video or documentary about sea animals? If so, what did you learn from it? If not, what type of documentary would you like to watch?
- Do you agree that studying animals in their natural environment is more useful than studying them in a laboratory?
- What can humans learn from the way octopuses use all their arms?
- In what ways might studying animals inspire new ideas in technology and science?
Summarization:
Please summarize the whole article using your own words and expressions. You will have one minute to prepare before you answer.
Describe:
Please explain the definition of each word listed below based on your understanding. You can provide example sentences if needed.
- scientific
- analysis
- complex
- sensory organ
- cephalopod