Researchers discovered a Neanderthal child with Down syndrome at Spain’s Cova Negra site. This finding, near Xàtiva, is the earliest known case of Down syndrome among Neanderthals. It offers new insights into how they lived and cared for each other.

The fossil, part of a skull bone found in 1989, was recently recognized as significant. It shows signs in the inner ear that match Down syndrome, like deafness and balance issues. The study, led by Mercedes Conde-Valverde from the University of Alcalá, was published in Science Advances. She noted the child would have needed constant care, revealing a caring side of Neanderthals. Further examination revealed more issues in the ear structure, confirming the diagnosis. Although the exact age of the fossil is not known, it dates back between 273,000 to 146,000 years ago. Neanderthals, known for their strength and intelligence, made art, used complex hunting methods, and possibly had a language. This discovery shows they practiced true altruism, as the child received care from birth despite being unable to help others in return. Valentín Villaverde, a co-author, highlighted the child’s survival, indicating extensive group care. This finding highlights the diversity of human evolution and challenges old ideas about Neanderthal social behaviors.